The Internal and External Business Environment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2511 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? A business cannot function in a shell. In order to exist and function effectively, a business has to act and react to what happens in the external environment. The aggregates of all conditions, events, and influences that surround and affect it says Keith Davis (Saleem Shaikh, Business Environment, 2010) The external environment of a business refers to all those factor that directly influence the working of a business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Internal and External Business Environment" essay for you Create order These factors are not in control of businesses, but it is extremely important for a business because they shape the kind of business activity one can have. The factors which influence the external environment of a business are: Political factors This means how the changes in the government policies, political systems and the approach and philosophy of the political party in existence influences the working of a business enterprise. Economic factors This means how a business is affected by the economy in terms of government spending, interest rates, taxation, exchange rates, global economic factors, infrastructure development, capital formation, etc. Social factors Every business organization operates in according to the norms of the society and to satisfy their needs. This means how the culture, values, beliefs, tastes, preferences and behavior of the consumers, households and communities affects the working of a business. Technological factors Technology is consid ered to be one of the most important factors which affect the business environment. It means how the rapid change and innovation in technologies affect the production process and help businesses to produce innovative products. Ecological factors Ecology is the study of environment which includes plants, animals, water, air, sunlight etc. These factors affect the working of a business organization considerably in a way that government has taken some legislative measures for the protection and control of pollution in the environment like The Water Act, 1974, The Air Act, 1981, The Environment Protection Act, 1986. Legal factors The legal environment plays a very important role in business. Every aspect of business is regulated by the law of the country. These include the laws related to industrial licensing, factory administration, payment of wages, company laws, import and export laws etc. Figure 1: External environment with factors. In order to stay and survive successfully in the market for long term a business has to take in consideration all the above mentioned factors and change accordingly. These factors have affected the performance and long term sustainability of Mahindra and Mahindra to a large extent. Mahindra and Mahindra Mahindra Mahindra Limited is part of Mahindra Group which is based in Mumbai. The company was started in 1945 in Ludhiana as Mahindra Mohammed by the brothers K.C. Mahindra and J.C. Mahindra along with Malik Ghulam Mohammed.It was changed to Mahindra Mahindra in 1948 and is currently headed by Anand Mahindra. It is now a US $7.1 billion Indian multinational. Mahindra is the only Indian company which manufactures top tractor brands in the world. Today it has its presence in almost every segment of the automobile industry, from two-wheelers to SUVS, CVS and UVS. Recently Mahindra acquired a majority stake in REVA Electric Car Co Ltd. (now called Mahindra REVA). The Mahindra Group expanded its IT portfolio when Tech Mahindra acquired the leading global business and information technology services company, Satyam Computer Services. The company is now known as Mahindra Satyam. Mahindra Mahindra has diversified its businesses into various sectors which are: Automotive sector Two wheeler sector Farm equipment sector Hospitality sector Information technology sector Factors influencing Mahindra and Mahindra in its various business sectors Political factors Automotive, Two wheeler and farm equipment sectors In 2002, the government of India formulated an auto policy that aimed at promoting integrated, enduring and self-sustained growth of the Indian automotive industry. The approval for foreign equity investment up to 100% in the automotive sector was allowed and minimum investment criteria disallowed. The government promoted establishments of international companies for manufacturing small, affordable passenger cars as well as tractor and two wheelers. The government assisted the development of vehicle propelled by alternate energy source. The government formulated plans to have a terminal life policy for Commercial Vehicles along with incentives for replacement for such vehicles. It also promoted multi-model transportation and the implementation of mass rapid transportation system. These political influences have lead Mahindra and Mahindra to increase production of its vehicles and inflow of foreign investments. Also the development of alternate energy source vehicles has led Mahi ndra to acquire majority stake in REVA electric car co ltd. Hospitality sector It includes the central governments legal issues and regulations. This includes various Laws and Acts passed out by the government in Hospitality sector some of which are as follows: The influences of these political acts has led to the commencement of Mahindra holidays and resorts limited in 1996, offering family holidays in India and abroad. This has helped the company to grow immensely. Information technology sector The IT industry of India suffered political instability for a few years but it has been stable since 1999. The Indian government has decided to contract IT job to Indian IT companies creating more opportunities for the company and the industry at large. Consumer protection laws, competitive regulations and terrorist attacks are other factors to be considered. The Indian it sector does not much influence of political stability, so if the government changes it has little effect on the industry. These political forces have led Tech Mahindra in the leaders category with a hugely successful public issue in 2006. Changes in the political conditions have allowed many companies to enter IT sector like Mahindra Mahindra. This has lead to establishment of tech Mahindra by the Mahindra group and acquisition of Satyam. Economical factors Automotive, two wheeler and farm equipment sector The automobile companies are reorganizing their sales process due to economic pressure on the industry. The government has granted concessions, by reducing the interest rates for export financing. The growth of Indian economy at the rate of 8.5% per annum has had a great influence on the automotive sector in India. Also the growth in the manufacturing sector at the rate of 8-10 % per annum in the last few years has influenced the growth of this sector. The globalization of India economy has led to the participation of several Indian firms with global players. While some have formed joint ventures with equity participation, other also has entered into technology tie-ups. These changes have allowed Mahindra to expand its market and grow rapidly in India as well as abroad. Hospitality sector The economic factors have a direct influence on the hospitality sector of a business this is because if there is inflation then the rates will rise quickly, keeping in mind there are two sides to it. The hospitality sector is directly linked with tourism industry. Tourism has become the number one export earner for India and this is only possible due to diversification of the economy. The economic growth of the country has led to the expansion of Mahindra into this sector by establishment of Mahindra holidays and resorts. Information technology sector The IT industry is being affected by lots of economic factors ranging from rising working pay, global recession, competition, contract availability and fee. In 2009 the domestic IT spending grew by 20 % and reached $20 billion. During the last global recession currency fluctuation caused devaluation of dollar which has affected the industry. The recession has also led to decline in jobs which has affected this sector. With the decline of banking and financial sectors, the revenue from them is expected to decline hurting the IT industry which has had its impact on tech Mahindra as well. Social factors Automotive, two wheeler and farm equipment sector The changed lifestyle of people has led to increased purchase of automobiles, so automobile sector have a large customer base to serve. The increase in the income level of consumer as increased the buying power of people. In India, today 85% of cars are financed in India. Indian customers are highly educated and well informed. They are price sensitive as well and put lot of importance on value for money .Preference for small and compact cars in the Indian market has also increased. They are socially acceptable even amongst the well off. People these days prefer fuel efficient cars with low running costs which Mahindra has ventured into like Mahindra Renault, Scorpio, Xylo etc. Hospitality sector This includes all the social and cultural trends which have been affecting the industry. The changing expectation of consumers towards the hospitality experience. The consumers expect to be catered for their hospitality needs. The consumers want to feel that they are in control of their hospitality experience. Social networking plays an important part in the growth of this sector for a firm which helps the companies the companies to relate in a better way with the consumers. The increase in wealth of consumes due to increase in their income has led to change in their taste towards luxurious living and travelling which creates more business for firms operating n this sector due to which Mahindra has grown. Information technology There are lots of social factors affecting the IT sector which ranges from language barriers, employee rights and race rationality of the company and other issues. The IT industry is also affected by the change in consumer behavior which is supported by the fact that different consumers have different taste. The social issues like global warming are also concern for this industry and the shift of society towards education which includes opening up of universities and institutes in India offering IT education which produces large number of students joining IT industry which is also benefiting Mahindra and Mahindra. Technological factors Automotive, two wheeler and farm equipment sector There are more emphasis laid on research and development in terms of technology in this sector which has contributed to innovation. The government of India is also promoting National Automotive testing and research and development infrastructure project. Technological solution helps in integrating the supply chain, hence reduce losses and increase profitability. With the development and evolution of alternate fuels, hybrid cars have made entry into the market also global companies like Audi, BMW, Hyundai have setup their manufacturing units in India. Mahindra and Mahindra is providing customized solutions and designer cars with new technology Hospitality sector Advancing technology has contributed a lot for the growth of firms in hospitality sector due to which the hotel receive reservations in advance through the net. People get all the information about the hotels through agents online. With the advent of computer the airlines allow the travel agents to view their flight inventories and rates in real time. Soon the airlines also added hotels and car rental companies to their computes so that agents could book the entire guest travel through their computer. Today more than 70% of hotel reservations are done electronically from which Mahindra and Mahindra has taken advantage. Information technology The changes in technological sector have impacted the growth and development of various companies. It has also forced other companies whose core business is not in IT sector to venture in this sector for example Mahindra and Tata. The present conditions are mainly due to the result that the masses have become techno savvy and there is a lot of potential in this sector. Legal factors Automotive sector The legal angle to the automotive sector has undergone a sea change during the last 50 years and Mahindra and Mahindra has been able to cope up with the same. As more and more stricter norms regarding environmental pollution has come into effect so Mahindra and Mahindra has brought new technology into their products to address to the legal applications and this constant endeavor of the Mahindra group has enabled it to constantly abide by the laws and rules and regulations of India and the worlds over. Hospitality sector The rules and regulations regarding the hospitality industry have also changed and as a result Mahindra and Mahindra have to adjust themselves according to the same and they have tried to adjust to the same also Information technology Sector Government of India has opened up the IT sector in India and has made the laws very lenient so that the business community can benefit from the same. This has led the Mahindra and Mahindra to launch Tech Mahindra as their Brand and acquisition of Satyam co Ecological factors Automotive sector, two wheeler and farm equipment sector The physical infrastructure of country such as bridges and roads affect the use of automobiles. If there are smooth roads available then it will affect the use of automobiles. The environment and weather conditions also affect the use of automobiles in the country. If the environment is pleasant then the use of automobiles will be more. The entry of global companies in the Indian environment has led to advancement in the products and the production process of Mahindra and Mahindra. Hospitality sector The environmental factors gained prominence because of deteriorating environmental balance which is threatening the sustainability of environment and nature. Hospitality sector is very much responsible for releasing out chemical effluence drained out in water making it unfit for use and also the draining out non bio degradable recourses such as polythene in the environment affecting the chain adversely. There has been many rules and act passed for this sector which the companies have to work accordingly. This industry is directly influenced by tourism. The natural and cultural sites led to attraction of tourists and also the natural landforms and environmental conditions influence the choice of destination of Mahindra hotels which has led to its growth. Information technology sector The ecological environment has affects and influence in IT sector in various ways. For this there have been conservation and protection issues because of deteriorating environmental balance. Largely, businesses are also held responsible for such situations as emissions from these industries pollute water, air and effect bio chain adversely and expose people to hazardous radiations bringing their lives in danger. These have implications for various firms in this sector and how the manufacturing process takes place in Tech Mahindra. Conclusion: Mahindra and Mahindra has grown steadily in size and structure and has evolved into a huge group and occupies a premium position in various key sectors of the economy. It has gained a substantial and a sustainable growth in the industry by coping up with various changes in the environment it exists in. The above mentioned factors has impacted its various business sectors and led to the formation of a highly successful company. The above analysis leads us to the conclusion that Mahindra and Mahindra have transformed themselves into a very successful business enterprise and have evolved themselves as a very important constituent of the Indian and the global economy. Mahindra and Mahindra have expanded themselves into various industrial sectors like defence, automobile, hospitality etc. and have diversified at the same time. Mahindra and Mahindra has shown that how the various changes in the business environment can be explored and exploited by any business for its own gain and the gain of the economy as a whole.

Investment Commercial Property Market And Equity

Investment: Commercial Property Market and Equity (Share) Market An investment can be said to be an asset or item purchased with the intention or the hope that it will create income or its value will increase in the future (Grabel, 2011). In an economic context, an investment is actually the purchase of goods for the future creation of wealth. In finance context, an investment is said to be a monetary asset that is purchased with an idea that the asset in future will generate income or it will be sold at a profit. In other words, the term investment is generally used to refer to any method used for the sole purpose of creating future income. In a financial context, investment includes the purchase of bonds, stocks or even real estate†¦show more content†¦This is because leases provide regular income stream, most importantly higher than the normal stock dividend yield (Grabel, 2011). 2. Efficient appreciation of asset value Historically, commercial property market investment has provided excellent appreciation in value (Brett, 2014). This appreciation has always met or even exceeded other types of investment. Actually, properties can increase in value due to some internal factors like proactive management and also external factors like supply and demand imbalance. 3. Accumulate significant equity through leverage Another significant feature of commercial property market investment is the ability it has to place debt on the asset, which in essence is several times the original equity. This enables you to purchase more assets using less money and more importantly increases your equity as the loans are also paid down. 4. Provides superior hedge against inflation In general, it has always been a norm that when inflation occurs, also the price of commercial properties, in particular, the multitenant assets that also have a high ration of labor and even replacement costs, will rise too. 5. Unique security advantage The commercial property market investment specifically real estate is one of the limited investment classes that are categorized as a hard asset that has significant intrinsic value. The properties, for instance, the land has value, same to the structures itself. By one selecting theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Global Market Capitalization Of Reits1696 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment In a global context, the global market capitalisation of REITs stands at the US $1.7t by the year of 2016. Moreover, it has been reported that 66% percent of the global REIT market capitalisation could be found in the US by 2016 (EY, 2016). 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Ethernet or Token Ring Checkpoint Free Essays

Ethernet or Token Ring checkpoint †¢Saguaro Federal has mainframes for all of its banks and businesses. Must the company use the Ethernet or Token Ring protocol? Explain your choice. Why is this choice appropriate? In this particular situation I would have to say that the token ring protocol should be used for its banks and businesses and part of my reasoning is because it has banks and business that are not all located in the same building or so it seems. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethernet or Token Ring Checkpoint or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Token Ring LAN’s each station is connected to a wiring concentrator called a multistation access unit using UTP or STP. Some topologies for this are a ring or star with the ring topology being the more logical choice. The access method used on a Token Ring is called token which is a special data packet that is generated by the first computer that comes online in a token ring network, this token is passed from one station to another around the ring. A network device only communicates over the network when it has the token. †¢XYZ Technology Consultants has offices on the second, third, and fourth floors of the office building it occupies. Must the company use the Ethernet or Token Ring protocol? Explain your choice. Why is this choice appropriate? In the XYZ technology consultants particular situation an Ethernet protocol. What first brought me to this conclusion was due of the company being located in one building on various floors. Ethernet is one of the most popular and widely used LAN technologies because of its speed, reliability, the cost, and lastly its ease of installation. Ethernet networks can be configured in either a star topology using UTP connected to a hub or a bus topology using a coaxial cable acting as a backbone. When a computer wants to send data over the network, it will listen to see if there is any traffic on the network, if it is clear, it will then broadcast the data through the network. How to cite Ethernet or Token Ring Checkpoint, Essay examples

Candela Corporation Case free essay sample

In 2002, Candela Corporation statement of cash flows shows a net loss of income at $2,154,000. The reason for the loss is from accrual methods as non-cash expenses are added back. This method shows the company the true cash flows of the business. Some of the items that were added back in that had a significant affect is from loss of the discontinued operations and the interest firm the stock warrants. The categories that had significant subtractions were the foreign currency exchange rate difference and the respect of the deferred taxes. The results are the working capital that had resulted in a gross outflow of cash flow, which caused the cash outflow to show from the operating activities. There is a purchase of fixed assets in the investment activities, which caused an outflow of cash. In the financing activities, it looks as if the total outflows were trying to stay in control with acquiring a modest debt and share issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Candela Corporation Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, because of the previous commitments that the business had, they were required to buy back stock and to continue to pay on the existing debt. However, when this happened it caused another outflow of cash, and the results are a negative balance with the operating, investing, and financing activities. With the company they had a previous cash balance and had the ability to survive with a severe damaging effect to the cash balance. The net profit in 2003 was 6,814,000 as shown on the statement. Adjustments were made in the non-cash items. A very important adjustment was in the loss from notional interest on stock warrants, discontinued operations, notional interest on stock warrants, and the foreign exchange rate difference accrued. This tax benefit of stock option and the respect of deferred taxes were two important subtractions. The analysis of the working capital is there was cash flow from the notes, deferred income, the sale of inventories, sale of other assets, and more control on payroll cost and tax refund. These cash outflows came from warranty cost, receivables, payment of payables, and restricted cash. This created a positive cash flow from the operating activities. The investing activities showed that there was one purchase in fixed assets category, which caused an outflow in the terms of investing. The financing activities show an increase for the shares sold, following a good amount of a payment in the long-term debt and the lines of credit. Therefore, with in inflow of the share issue becoming larger, this produced n inflow of cash. Not including the investing activities, the other two activities created a positive cash flow, therefore increasing the company’s cash reserves. A net profit was shown on the statement in 2004 of $8,119,000. This adjusted non-cash items accurately were important add-ons were a new provision for loss on discontinued operations, the loss from discontinued operations, the foreign exchange rate difference, and deferred taxes. The subtraction that was considerable was in the respect of benefit on stock options. This is an indication that the business is showing advancement. The analysis of the working capital is for this year cash flows were from the notes, deferred income, warranty costs, a control on payroll cost, and taking some services on credit. The cash outflows were from the receivables (higher credit sales), restricted cash, purchase of inventory, and other current assets. Meanwhile the non-cash adjustment created a positive figure along with positive cash inflows from the working capital adjustments, created a positive cash flow from operations activities. The purchase of fixed asset of $685,000, lower from the former year, shows that the business purchased most of its fixed assets last year and this year the business needed less. Their financing activities only showed activity for the shares issued and it showed a positive inflow of cash. Besides the investing activities, the other two activities were showing positive, giving the company a positive net flow of cash and an increase in the business’s cash reserves. The information that was not found on the income statement or the balance sheet is as listed: 1. The cash that was received from sales. 2. Any payments that were made to suppliers and/or employees. 3. The cash receipts or payments on behalf of royalty fees, etc. 4. Any interest and taxes have been paid. 5. The cash receipts for issue of shares. 6. The money receipt or payment for acquisition or disposal of fixed assets. 7. Any cash payments for debentures 8. The dividends paid or received. 9. Segregation of any non-cash items. 10. The ability to forecast future cash flows 11. Highlighting any of the business area that is need of management attention in the terms of cash flow.

Othello Act 5, Scene 2 - Analaysis

'Othello' Act 5, Scene 2 - Analaysis We continue our Othello Act 5, Scene 2 analysis. You can get more information on the first part of this scene here.   Act 5, Scene 2 (Part 2) Othello explains that Iago told him that she and Cassio were having an affair and that Cassio himself admitted it and had the handkerchief; the token of love he gave to Desdemona passed down from his mother. On hearing this Emilia reacts; â€Å"O God! Heavenly God!† Realising her part in her husband’s plan, Emilia is moved. Iago orders Emilia to hold her peace but she refuses; telling the group that her husband asked her to steal the handkerchief for a reason unknown to her and that she did find it and give it to him. The Death ofEmilia Iago accuses her of lying and draws his sword on his wife. She says; â€Å"What should such a fool Do with so good a wife?† Othello runs at Iago calling him a villain. Montano disarms Othello and Iago wounds his wife. Emilia asks to be laid next to Desdemona to die. Iago exits. Montano goes after Iago and orders the others to guard Othello and not let him escape. Before she dies Emilia says; â€Å"Moor, she was chaste. She loved thee cruel Moor. So come my soul to speak true. So, speaking as I think alas, I die.† Othello is now consumed with guilt he finds a weapon hidden in his room but tells Graziano to approach him but not to fear him. He intends to use the weapon on himself. He looks at Desdemona’s cold body and curses himself. Othello wounds Iago Lodovico enters with Iago, Montano and Cassio in a chair. Othello stands forward as Iago is brought to face him. Othello wounds Iago. Lodovico orders the attendants to disarm Othello. Othello is unrepentant about hurting Iago, Lodovico reminds him that he was a respected soldier and Othello says that he acted in honour rather than in hate. He admits to consenting to Cassio’s death. Cassio says that he did Othello no wrong and Othello apologises to him. Lodovico says that two letters were found in Roderigo’s pocket, one says that Roderigo was ordered to kill Cassio and the other is written by Roderigo to Iago complaining about his evil plan. He says that he was going to expose the villain but Iago killed him off. The letter explains how he was ordered to goad Cassio on his watch, which is how the quarrel between Cassio and Othello first began. Lodovico tells Othello that he must return with him to Venice to answer to his crimes. Cassio is instated as ruler of Cyprus. Othellos Death Othello gives a speech to say that he wants to be remembered as a lover who was deceived. He wants to be remembered as someone who had a precious jewel but foolishly threw it away, he uses an analogy of a base character from an Indian tribe who threw away a precious pearl. He uses another reference to race when he says; â€Å".in Aleppo once, Where a malignant and a turbaned Turk beat a Venetian and tradused the state, I took by th’ throat and smote him thus†. He then stabs himself, kisses Desdemona and dies. Lodovico tells Iago to look at the consequences of his actions, he then closes the curtains. Lodovico tells Graziano that any riches in the house are his as he is the next of kin. He tells Cassio that he will leave Iago’s punishment to him and that he will return to Venice with the sad news of what has come to pass; â€Å"Myself will straight abroad and to the state This heavy act with heavy heart relate.† Note:  If you are looking for scene-by-scene analysis of other Othello scenes, simply visit our index  where you can find a full list of all scene by scene guides to  Shakespeares  Othello.

Atrocity and the American people essays

Atrocity and the American people essays An atrocity is defined as An act of cruelty and violence inflicted by an enemy-armed force upon civilians or prisoners. Some believe this war in Kosovo is about politics. However, upon examination of the specifics of this conflict it is apparent that this is about religion. People must then decide whom, if anyone is committing these atrocities. Should the United States be involved in the dispute, and is it truly in the best interest of the American people? In the area once covered by the country of Yugoslavia, there has been a series of struggles for independence during the 1990's. These confrontations started in 1990 in Slovenia, 1991 in Croatia, and 1992 in Bosnia Herzegovina. Each of these conflicts has often been described as an "ethnic conflict." In reality, the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and Muslims in those countries share a common Slavic ethnic origin. They view themselves today as distinct peoples, largely because of their distinct religious heritages. In contrast, people in North America consider religion mainly as part of their personal/family identity. Because of the U.S. Constitution's first amendment, and the separation of church and state, Americans don't have a single faith group associated with their national feelings. Unlike the former Yugoslavia, the Kosovo conflict has both ethnic and religious components. The Kosovo conflict is fueled by ethnic and religious differences. Ethnicity is the cause between the Serbs, of Slavic origin, and ethnic Albanians. Religion has also been a conflict between Serbs, who are almost entirely followers of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and non-Serbs, who are overwhelmingly followers of Islam and Roman Catholicism. From the beginning NATO stated that this conflict would accelerate if NATO did not step in to help the Kosovos in their rebellion. If this conflict is like all of the rest why did America not step into other conflicts when there was a military force ...

Who or what started and perpetuated the Cold War Essay

Who or what started and perpetuated the Cold War - Essay Example Bernard Baruch who was the senior advisor to Harry Truman (33rd president of the US), in context to the frequent occurrence of the crisis among the two nations, termed the situation as â€Å"Cold War† in 1947 (Global Security, 2010). The Cold War began in 1917, with the appearance in Russia of a radical Bolshevik regime dedicated for dispersal of communism throughout the modern world. There were differences in opinion between the US government and the Soviet Union. The US government interpreted communism to be an international development that was in the direction of favouring transnational communism. But it was found out that the communists across the world were loyal as they received orders from Moscow (Global Security, 2010). In the year 1918, the US had united unresponsively in an unsuccessful linked effort to collapse down the revolutionary Soviet regime. Distrustful relations between the Soviets and the US long before the Second World War prepared them as reluctant supporters in the combat against Nazi Germany (Global Security, 2010). The Great Britain and the US struggled against the Bolsheviks, between 1918 and 1920. In 1918 American groups contributed in the allied involvement in Russia in support of anti-Bolshevik armed forces (Global Security, 2010). The argument lies between the interpretation of the US government and the thought of the Soviet Union. The Russian argued that whether this approach of the Soviet Union proved to be a threat to the US or whether the US decision makers, misinterpret Soviet and communist. The Soviets ideology might have been interpreted in wrong way due to political interest. The US government could have perceived the level of threat to be huge and not in favour of the political environment in future (Macdonald, 1995). There are numerous thoughts and perceptions that had created the Cold War and were argued whether the issues were right or wrong in the context of the Soviet and the US political leaders.

Diasater Recovery Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diasater Recovery Plan - Essay Example Good leaders have good qualities as a virtue and thus should possess good leadership quality and values such as: Planning This is the most essential element in an organization towards the achieving of goals and the objectives set, and hence it is crucial in every step of development in an organization. Planning is very vital for the initial plan in a large organization in order to drill down and into the different levels of the organization in order to show what is expected from every member. If well executed, this result to cooperation and maximum production by the members of the organization since they understand what is expected from them towards realizing the organizations goals. This also makes responsible team members in an organization and enhances working morals among the members in an organization. In planning also the organization structure and the size of the organization are put to interest and formulated to give the organization a good layout which makes the administrati on of the organization to run in a smooth manner. Organizational structure Organizational structure is the typical hierarchical arrangement of authority, rights, duties and the communication in an organization. ... organization, the most influential layer of management in decision making is the senior management which has a lot of power and tight control over the organizations divisions and department. Unlike this, in a decentralized structure, power is distributed evenly over several departments. Network architecture This is the organizations vehicle which facilitates the handling of the challenges that result from the evolution of service demands and the organizational inter-dependence. This service architecture assists the organizations through the layering methodology in the network design and planning phase to provide a full spectrum of solutions. In the initial planning layer, the concerned technicians are involved in the determination of the required solutions throughout the organizational running of activity on a daily basis. The network architecture system helps the organization in the identification of technical capabilities and the economic impacts in long or short terms in and inter -organizational structure. This includes the development of network topologies that shows how the different structures and organization departments communicate efficiently and effectively. This includes the full implementation of the organization network and automation in its departments and finally the means of network operations and long-term maintenance. Figure 1.1 typical organizational network acrhitecture Disaster recovery plan This is a well-documented set of instructions or a process used to recover and to protect business information and technology infrastructures in occurrence of a disaster. In this context, this comprises of a documentation in a written form which specifies the procedures which the organization is going to adopt incase a disaster occurs. This will contain

The Overview of the Finance Ethics Concept Research Paper

The Overview of the Finance Ethics Concept - Research Paper Example The research paper "The Overview of the Finance Ethics Concept" discusses the concept of ethics in terms of the practice of finance as a discipline, an issue that is very indispensable in entirely all disciplines that define humanity. Several studies have always confirmed that without a proper ethical framework in place, finance comes to shambles. It is imperative that people are versed with all the relevant aspects of this field so that harmony and professionalism are realized in the field. Several ethical dilemmas will normally confront the players in the field and incase one is not well versed on how to conduct themselves; it could prove very difficult to manage such situations. However, much knowledge does exist on some of the dilemmas and the most appropriate strategies on how to tackle them. In such a case, it becomes important to learn them and get acquainted with them. The research process will involve the basic primary aspects in which case data will be sought in the field. Though the most relevant practitioners in the field will be part of the process and the data will be collected and analyzed using conventional statistical aspects. Both primary and secondary sources will be considered as sources of information. Also, it is hoped that the findings will reveal that a challenge really exists with respect to ethical conduct in the field of finance. It is further expected that people will indeed confirm that they have faced challenges regarding the concept.

Judging Means Forming An Opinion Philosophy Essay

Judging Means Forming An Opinion Philosophy Essay Judging means forming an opinion or conclusion about the subject it self, in this case it s a person that were judging. This action requiers a lot of responsibility, it takes a short time to judges a person, but it needs quite long time to make it right. When it comes to the first judgment of a persons character, many people the appearance as their criterian. However, in my point of view, this is not a wise to make the real judgment of a person. Ussualy people conclude poeple so fast becuase they are looking from the outside. You know what the said dont judge the books by its cover. Meaning that by looking at a book you think it is bad when you didnt even read the prologue yet or even the back of the book. This quote tell you to judge people from their personality, just like judging a book people wont read if the cover page is ugly and that is the mistakes that they are making. The point is judging people from their first imperssion is not wrong, but it ussually does, why dont you g ive him or her a chance. Taking a conclusion of someone may set your mind forever about that person and you wont know tha truth about that person unless you giver him or her a chance and you will change your mind either making it better or worse. This are some reasons why you shouldnt judge people on their first impression;Your opinion might be wrong. As i said before you may miss judge them. judging people before you know them starts nothing but drama. The bible it self said that Do not judge by appearances, but judge with right judgment from John 7:24. Assuming is technically different from knowing. You never know one day that person may be the one you have to rely on! They might change over time. People in this life always changes either better or worse. eople act different from others and some people have their own kind of way of gestures. Things are not always how they seem, or how we think we see them. It is always a good policy to not only give the benefit of the doubt, but to get all the facts before we rush to judgment about people and situations. Another good policy is to remember that everything is not about us. Another persons attitude, body language, comments, beliefs, etc may not have anything at all to do with us personally; and may have absolutely everything to do with them and what is going on in their own life. Time is needed to came up with a precise conclusion , People act different from others and some people have their own kind of way of gestures. Not everyone is born the same, that is why it makes every one unique in their own way. First impressions arent a good thing and it shouldnt be done. You have to get to know the person first before you judge them! Once you get to know the person, then you can judge them by who they are. It takes more time and effort to really get to know a person before judging them.   Im not sure if we can totally override our preconceptions, but I think we must try to quiet them while we delve deeper.   The color of a persons skin shouldnt matter nor should their age, sex, weight, or what clothes they wear.   There are many interesting, smart, and valuable people that dont fit the mold that our society has created.   It is up to us to decide how we will judge people. Dont be Mr. I know every things and asume that you are always right. There is only on e lawgiver and judge, he who is able to save and to destroy. But who are you to judge your neighbor? James 4:12. You may judges others un-fairly just to justify you own ego. Your ego may affects how you judges others. Considering that everyone can have a bad day, people ussualy leting themself judge beyond that. You may miss the bigest part if you take point to early. You couldnt realy know what is insideem. Above all do we realy need to judge people ? many people waste their time in jugding people. we spend a lot of time judging people then we are wasting the time we have that we could be enjoying them, or loving them. They dont even think about them self. I am not saying that is wrong to judge others but at least you should concertrate on your self rather than keep comment on someone else. It is human nature to judge others based upon initial impressions. We may pretend that it is otherwise, however, we all form first impressions which are difficult to undo in our minds. We may train ourselves to open our minds and not allow our first impressions to close doors; however it remains in our nature to judge. If we use our intellect rather than our emotional response we will remain open too learning about people despite our first impressions, even find that we were mistaken in our initial judgments. There are many things about a person that we judge based upon our life experiences that have no relevance to theirs, this often leads to mistakes. There is also the issue of what is within the control of the person that we are meeting for the first time and what is outside of their control. Leaping to judgment based upon our own experiences and expectations can only lead too lost opportunities that enrich our lives. In short its better if we don not judge people, but if it is necessary dont judge them in their first impression.

The origins of World War One :: essays research papers

The origins of World War One The Fritz Fisher thesis Fritz Fisher focuses on the Kaiser, Gottlieb von Jagow, Bethmann Hollweg and Helmut von Moltke. These four were the German leading figures at that time; Fischer is convinced that these people were responsible for the outbreak of World War One. Fischer’s three main claims were: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany was prepared to launch the First World War in order to become a great power. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany encouraged Austria-Hungary to start a war with Serbia, and continued to do so, even when it seemed clear that such a war could not be localized. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the war began, Germany developed a clear set of aims, already discussed before the war, to gain large territorial gains in central and eastern Europe, very similar to Hitler’s later craving for Lebensraum (‘living space’) in eastern Europe Fischer believes that the First World War was not a preventative war, but that it was planed and launched by Germany aggressively in order to dominate whole Europe. Furthermore Fischer sees Bethmann Hollweg in the role of the main constructor of the German policy during the July Crisis in 1914, and also as a central figure in the development of Germany’s expansionist goals once the war started. The Egmont Zechlin thesis Egmont Zechlin thinks that Bethmann Hollweg took a â€Å"calculated risk in July 1914 to gain diplomatic victory, or if it failed, to fight a â€Å"defensive preventive war† with nearly no objectives. This explains that Germany did not prepare a huge plan for expansion. Zechlin’s three main claims were: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany support for a preventative war grew after the Balkan wars had produced vast gains for Serbia. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bethmann Hollweg lacked the patience to settle matters by negotiation, believed that the Entente powers were paralyzing Germany, and realized that Russia was growing stronger in the Balkans, and Austria-Hungary weaker. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When he gave Austria-Hungary the ‘blank cheque’, Bethmann Hollweg realized that the crisis might escalate into a European war. It appeared like Germany hoped that the Austro-Serb crisis might divide the big Entente powers and with that give Germany a blood free victory. In addition to that Zechlin accepts the fact that Germany took advantage of the crisis to advance its own plan. The Gerhard Ritter thesis Gerhard Ritter supposes that Germany can’t be blamed for the outbreak of World War One. Ritter’s six main claims were: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no evidence of a unified German plan for war or world domination. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany acted defensively throughout the July Crisis to preserve its position in the existing status quo.

How does haddon create sympathy for ed boone? Essay

How does Haddon create sympathy for Ed Boone? In the novel, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time, I shall be exploring how Haddon creates sympathy for protagonist, Ed Boone. I have many aspects to protect my point of view. Firstly, our first impressions for the character of Ed Boone were that he was a caring and loving father that knew how to handle his even through his difficulties. We know he understands his son and can always sympathize with Christopher, because instead of shouting at or hugging Christopher when he got arrested, he â€Å"spread his fingers in a fan† as a â€Å"sign of love† for Christopher. We sympathize with Ed because he was currently facing the hardships of being a single parent upbringing an autistic teenager. Haddon makes us sympathize with Ed Boone from the beginning of the novel and carries on throughout exceptionally. In addition, Haddon heightens out sympathy for Ed Boone when successfully writing a pathetic fallacy for Ed. This happened when Ed had a loving son, wife, home and job, but then we began to sympathize with him because his wife left him for his next door neighbour and he was left alone. So, he started a new relationship with Mrs Shears and soon split up and Ed was left vulnerable on his own, yet again. The impact on Haddon using this technique will help the reader sympathize with Ed from the start of the novel and successfully turns him into a victim in the novel. Furthermore, we as readers can now sympathize with Ed far easier and when Ed â€Å"hides things to protect† Christopher, we can infer and deduce he knew Christopher won’t be able to take it all in and it would affect him dearly. So, Ed did what he thought was best and protected Christopher from â€Å"knowing the details† about his mother and Wellington. We can understand that it’s difficult and Ch ristopher will not be able to handle it, therefore Ed hid certain information from Christopher out of love and the understanding he has for his son. Moreover, our sympathy was given yet again to Ed when he came back from work and found his son missing. However, Ed being the responsible parent that he is phoned the police and â€Å"worried himself sick.† We can infer and deduce that Ed obviously loves Christopher and the thought of him away from his father worries him. We feel sorry for Ed because we don’t whether he will see his son again and neither does Ed. We can put ourselves in his shoes and know he must be feeling alone, guilty and full of regret and remorse, because of this, we feel sorry for the character of Ed Boone thanks to Haddon’s  incredible techniques and powerful plot that guarantees sympathy given to the written character, Ed Boone. Finally, the last point I have in which Haddon makes the reader give an endless amount of sympathy and love to Ed, is where Haddon written out the situation of a single working parent of an autistic teenager who has many special needs. In which, in able to look after teenager, Christopher, you have to understand his needs and wants. To do this you will need a lot of patience and it can be very difficult at times because Christopher can last several days without eating or communicating. Also, he won’t eat any two foods touching, in result of them being thrown away and he doesn’t eat or touch anything that is the colour brown or yellow. Christopher has many other needs and Ed has to understand Christopher’s mind frame and know what to do in able to cope with his son. To be able to live with Christopher and have such a close relationship between the two of them, takes a great amount of patience and love, and is even harder to do when on your own. Haddon enable the reader to understand that life is challenging for Ed and makes us come to a realization that we will not be able to do what Ed is doing, so we naturally give our sympathy to Ed because of what he has to cope with in his day to day life. To conclude this essay, I strongly believe that Haddon creates many circumstances where the reader can sympathize with protagonist, Ed Boone. Because of Haddon’s phenomenal writing skills, we give nothing but sympathy and understanding to Ed as he faces many challenges, and because we can’t help him, we comfort Ed and sympathize with him. Sympathy given to Ed from the reader was one of Haddon’s expectations from this novel, and I can truly say he exceeded in this and brought true emotions for protagonist, Ed Boone.

Effects of Nitrogen on Pea Plants

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FIXING PEA PLANTS (Pisum sativum) ON GROWTH OF CORN (Zea mays)? Introduction Interactions among plant species, particularly negative ones, have been a concern in agriculture (Levene 1926, Russell 1961). Novoa (1981) suggested that it would be advantageous to rotate certain crops by season, grow certain crops together, or avoid growing certain crops on the same land. Observations indicated that some crops require specific types of nutrients in contrast to other crop species, and plants within the Legume Family actually â€Å"fix† nutrients, for example nitrogen, within surrounding soils.Nitrogen is a key plant nutrient, and has been shown to be both increase plant growth and development (Russell 1961), but is often deficient in many western U. S. soils (Novoa 1981). Thus Legumes could provide high community trophic â€Å"service† (Aprison et al. 1954, Hiroshi 2010). The common pea plant (Pisum sativum), a member of the Legume family, and a robust dico t flowering plant (i. e. , an Angiosperm) native to the western U. S. , enjoys a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria (Hiroshi 2010).These bacteria grow inside nodules located on the roots of pea plants and convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NO3-), which is a molecular form the pea plant, and neighboring plants, can use for numerous physiological functions (including production of DNA, proteins, and plant hormones (Russell 1961, Novoa 1981, Hiroshi 2010). It has become a common practice to rotate crops within fields, alternating Legumes with various other plant species to maintain high soil nitrogen levels.Our research was conducted in the BIO170 Lab (107 Lewis Hall, Montana State University [MSU]), and was focused on potential effects of pea plants on the growth and development of corn (Zea mays). Our objective was to vary growth environments, with some plants of different species type grown in close proximity, under the same conditions, and other treatments with single plant species, thus allowing us to address the primary research questions: Will the presence of pea plants, in close proximity to corn, positively affect corn shoot height, root length, shoot mass, and overall seedling growth ate? We formulated the primary research question into the following formal hypotheses: H1: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the height of the corn plants; H2: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the root length of the corn plants; H3: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the shoot mass of the corn plants; and H4: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the seedling growth rates of corn plants. For each stated research hypothesis (i. e. H1 thru H4), the null (H0) hypothesis was: the presence of pea plants growing in close proximity to corn plants will have no effect on the corn plant response variables (i. e. , shoot height, root length, shoot mass, and overall seedling growth rate). The explanatory, or treatment variable, in all cases, was presence or absence of a pea plant within the growth cells of our measurement units (see below). Methods The plant experiments were conducted in Lewis Hall, room 107, on the campus of Montana State University. The lab’s room temperature is typically 65 to 70 degrees F (celsius scale thermometer).We set up our experiment in the NW corner of the lab on the counter. We used three polyurethane growth trays (Carolina Biological Supply Company, Savannah, GA), where each tray contained 36 cells 15cm X 10 cm X 10 cm (depth). Each cell was filled with organic soil to the rim of the cell (soil type: Sunshine Mix; Plant Growth Center, MSU). Each growth tray was divided into two sections, with 18 cells containing two corn plants; and 18 cells each containing one Alaska variety pea plant and one corn plant; for a total of 108 corn plants alone and 54 corn plants grown with pea plants.A ll seeds were also obtained from Carolina Biological Supply Company. The trays were placed under full spectrum UV grow lights (also from Carolina Supply Co. , Model: XPV-230 Lum. ), and received 12 hours of light per day (using a light timer [Home Depot: Model ISZ210/120). We planted seeds at 0. 5 inch depth, and maintained moist (but not â€Å"wet† or muddy) soil for 3 days, or until the onset of germination. We used tap water, with approximately 50 ml per growth cell each morning and evening during germination. After germination, we reduced watering to 50 ml once per day, typically in the late afternoon (to acilitate overnight availability of water per cell and prevent drying). After 10 days, when seedlings were well established, we increased daily water to 100 ml per cell. After 2 weeks of seedling growth, we began measuring the response variables, including height of shoot (soil level to apical tip) using a standard metric ruler, and the Precision Balance (room 106) to me asure mass to the nearest 0. 01 grams. We compared height, and mass using mean values per treatment, including the standard deviation to assess variation. We used percent growth per week as an estimate of growth â€Å"rate†.Roots were washed, and then dried, prior to mass measurement. Results The average shoot height (Fig. 1) of corn grown in close proximity to pea plants, compared to the height of the corn grown alone, indicated that pea plants may have increased the height of neighboring corn. At the end of three weeks, the average height of corn grown with peas was 35. 4 cm, whereas corn plant grown alone reached an average height of approximately 33 cm, which represented a 6. 78% difference between treatments (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Average height of corn plants grown in Lewis Hall Lab 107 (MSU).The upper line was on the graph shows the height of corn grown with peas. The lower line represents the corn grown alone. Figure 2. Shows average root mass (dry weight) of corn in the two treatments, i. e. , with or without the presence of Pea Plants. The average mass of the corn grown with peas was 1. 2 grams while the average mass of the corn alone was 1. 07 grams. This represents a 10. 8% difference between treatments (Fig. 2). Figure 3. Average root length of corn plants between treatments. Our observation result also showed that average root length for corn grown with peas was 11. 5 cm and the length for corn grown alone to be 9. 69 cm, a 16. 8% difference between treatments. Figure 4 shows germination rates for the two treatments, with 37% increase per week for corn grown with peas, slightly higher than the corn grown alone (35. 2%). Table 1 shows the various percent differences between the two treatments, and in each contrast, the values for corn grown with peas was greater than corn grown alone. Discussion Overall, in summarizing our key results, we observed corn grown with peas showed a trend of 6. 78% taller and 10. % heavier than corn grown alone. We also observed the roots of corn grown with peas were on average, 16. 8% longer than the roots of corn grown alone. Finally, we found that the corn grown with peas had a 4. 86% higher germination rate than corn alone. Figure 4. Average germination rate of corn plants estimated between treatments. Table 1. Percent difference between the treatment, showing increases in all variables in treatment with both plants together. Height6. 78% Mass10. 80% Root length16. 80% Germination rate4. 86% Our results, reviewed together (e. . , Table 1), strongly suggested that our ideas concerning facilitation were correct, and supported our research hypotheses that corn grown with peas would be taller, heavier, have longer roots, and have a higher germination rate than corn grown alone. Upon reflection, we believed that it made sense that the corn grown with peas tended to outperform the corn grown alone for the variables we tested, because clearly nitrogen is an essential component of chlorophyll (Tam 1935), amino acids, ATP, and nucleic acid (Levine 1926).Since pea plants are nitrogen fixers, their presence increases the amount of usable nitrogen in the soil. Thus, the corn grown with the peas would have had more nitrogen available to it to aid in the production of chlorophyll, amino acids, ATP, and nucleic acid, all of which probably aided the corn growth, mass, and also the higher germination rate (percent) that we observed.Furthermore, our results tend to agree with other research findings, for example a study presented at the 2010 World Congress of Soil Science found that corn rotated with soy, also a nitrogen fixer (Aprison 1954), tended to grow taller and have higher yields than corn rotated with corn (Yin 2010). Another study found that along with the correct row spacing and plant density, corn plants grew best when given moderate levels of nitrogen (Cox 2000).Further, a study done in Europe noted that nitrogen deficiency in plants tended to inhibit plant growth and rate s of photosynthesis (Zhao 2005, Bradshaw et. al 2010, Cox et al. 2010). The positive effects nitrogen has on plants are well documented and have been studied for decades, but we think our replications of pea plant facilitated growth were well worth the efforts, and also allowed us to see first-hand, how experiments can be powerful tools for learning and for confirmation of research ideas.It is well known by both plant scientists and amateur backyard gardeners that plants need nitrogen to grow to their full potential, so perhaps our work offered little new information, but it was still quite fascinating to conduct the research, learn the steps of the scientific process, and apply them ourselves, rather than simply read about experimentation. Those wishing to grow corn, or other important, or popular house plants, might use our outcomes to enhance growth production of desired species. Literature Cited Aprison, M. H. , W. E. Magee, and R. H. Burris. 954. â€Å"Nitrogen Fixitation by E xcised Soybean Root Nodules. † Journal of Biological Chemistry 208 (1954): 29-39. Bradshaw, A. D. , M. J. Chadwick, D. Jowett, and R. W. Snaydon. 1964. â€Å"Experimental Investigations into the Mineral Nutrition of Several Grass Species: IV. NitrogenLevel. † Journal of Ecology 52. 3 (1964): 665-76. Cox, William J. , and Debbie J. R. Cherney. â€Å"Row Spacing, Plant Density, and Nitrogen Effects on Corn Silage. † 2000. Argonomy Journal 93. 3: 597-602. Kunstman, James L. , and E. Paul Lichtenstein. â€Å"Effects of Nutrient Deficiencies in CornPlants on the in Vivo and in Vitro Metabolism of [14C]diazinon. † Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 27. 4 (1979): 770-74. Levine, P. A. â€Å"On the Nitrogenous Components of Yeast Nucleic Acid. † Journal of Biological Chemistry 67 (1926): 325-27. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Novoa, R. , and R. S. Loomis. â€Å"Nitrogen and Plant Production. † Plant and Soil 58 (1981): 177-204. Russell, Edward J. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. 8th ed. [London]: Longmans, 1961. Open Library. Tam, R. K. , and O. C. Magistad. 1935. â€Å"Relationship Between Nitrogen Fertilization And Related post: Disadvantages of Plants Living on LandChlorophyll Content In Pineapple Plants. † Plant Physiology 10. 1 (1935): 159-68. Yin, Xinhua, Angela McClure, and Don Tyler. 2010. â€Å"Relationships of Plant Height and Canopy NDVI with Nitrogen Nutrition and. † Lecture. World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane. 1-6 Aug. 2010. International Union of Soil Sciences. Zhao, D. , K. Reddy, V. Kakani, and V. Reddy. 2005. â€Å"Nitrogen Deficiency Effects on Plant Growth, Leaf Photosynthesis, and Hyperspectral Reflectance Properties of Sorghum. † European Journal of Agronomy 22. 4 (2005): 391-403.

Boil Water at Room Temperature

Boil Water at Room Temperature You can boil water at room temperature without heating it. This is because boiling is about pressure, not just temperature. Heres an easy way to see this for yourself. Simple Materials watersyringe You can get a syringe at any pharmacy or lab. You dont need the needle, so its  safe project, even for kids. How to Boil Water Without Heating It Use the plunger to pull up a bit of water into the syringe. Dont fill it you need airspace in order for this to work. You just need enough water that you can observe it.Next, you need to seal the bottom of the syringe so that it wont be able to suck up more air or water. You can put your fingertip over the opening, seal it with a cap (if one came with the syringe), or press a piece of plastic against the hole.Now youll boil the water. All you need to do is pull back as quickly as you can on the syringe plunger. It may take a couple of tries to perfect the technique, so you can keep the syringe still enough to watch the water. See it boil? How It Works The boiling point of water or any other liquid depends on vapor pressure. As you lower the pressure, the boiling point of the water drops. You can see this if you compare the boiling point of water at sea level with the boiling point of water on a mountain. The water on the mountain boils at a lower temperature, which is why you see high-altitude instructions on baking recipes! When you pull back on the plunger, you increase the amount of volume inside the syringe. However, the contents of the syringe cant change because you have sealed it. The air inside the tube acts as gases do and the molecules spread out to fill the whole space. The atmospheric pressure inside the syringe drops, creating a partial vacuum. The vapor pressure of the water becomes high enough compared to the atmospheric pressure that the water molecules can easily pass from the liquid phase into the vapor phase. This is boiling. Compare it with the normal boiling point of water. Pretty cool. Any time you lower the pressure around a liquid, you lower its boiling point. If you increase the pressure, you raise the boiling point. The relationship is not linear, so you would need to consult a phase diagram to predict how great the effect of a pressure change would be.

Standard Chartered and Dubai World The lending problem Essay

Standard Chartered and Dubai World The lending problem - Essay Example This paper focuses upon Standard Chartered Plc, a financial services company, which operates in more than 70 countries around the world. The headquarter of the bank in London, the United Kingdom. The company has entered different countries through the joint venture, subsidiaries etc. The operation of the company is diversified as it offers operations in consumer banking, institutional banking, and corporate banking also. Standard Chartered is listed on the London Stock Exchange; also it is the constituent of the FTSE 100 index. The company is also diversified globally as it offers services all the continents of the world. 90% of the revenue of the company comes from the Middle East and other Asian countries and Africa. The bank offers a diversified range of products including mortgage loans, investment banking, wealth management, corporate banking, wealth management services etc. Dubai World is among one of the main clients of Standard Chartered Bank. The investment company has faced credit crisis in the time of the financial recession and the main creditor of the company was Standard Chartered bank. The geographical presence of the company minimizes their risk. In a globalized world where the multinational companies have to face different political conditions, economic conditions in different countries, then only diversification can minimize the risk of the portfolio of the company. In the time of financial crisis of 2007-09, when all the markets throughout the world have broken, then the diversification helped the company to manage the situation.  

Refugees and Asylum seekers in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Refugees and Asylum seekers in the U.S - Essay Example The U.S has people from almost every part of the globe with the general population characterized of different races. The US operates under a motto â€Å"e pluribus unum† (Martin, 3) insinuating that from many nations to one nation and as such it is a well framed structure. Therefore, since traditional periods, immigration has been acknowledged in the U.S through providing the immigrants with opportunities to better themselves as well as the United States as a nation. The dominant immigration patterns have been noted since early periods of 1820 with statistics revealing a great influx of about 66 million legal immigrants from all over the world. Germany and Mexico has been in the lead for having high populations of immigrants to the U.S ever since. However, the country has also harbored hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants, which has in the past triggered quite heated debates of the fate of such persons. The search for employment and education has equally been associated with the influx of the immigrants into the United States of America over years. People move from one country to another for different reasons: voluntary on basis of work and employment, political reasons, family re-unification, natural happenings like disasters, need for one to voluntary change natural surroundings, poverty or for general economic reasons. Involuntary reasons may stem up from running away from natural disasters such as earthquakes, political or civil wars, involuntary deportation as well as seeking asylum as refugees. Asylum seekers are persons who get to foreign countries looking for protection against mistreatment or persecution within their homeland and who may not necessarily be refugees. On the other hand, refugees are persons who would be persecuted within their own countries of nationality on basis of their religion, race, nationality, political stand or opinion or better still membership to a social group. The U.S has been credited over years to work by a principle that restricts her to deport foreign nationals to their countries of orig in where it is proved that their lives or freedom is at a threat (Wasem, 1). Immigration is a common feature within the U.S, though there are guidelines and frameworks that are responsible for regulating the issue. Moreover, apart from internal regulatory frameworks that govern migration of persons as refugees or even asylum seekers in the U.S, there are international frameworks

Flier Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Flier Analysis - Essay Example It is estimated that the average college freshman will gain 15 pounds in their first year of college. This statistic has not gone unnoticed and has gained a reputation as the Freshman-15. While diet has an enormous influence on weight gain, our program will dedicate itself to exercise. Health experts, nutritionists, and physical trainers all agree that diet and exercise are the two most important ingredients to controlling weight gain and maintaining physical health. The components of a healthy diet have been addressed by the various agencies that are assigned to keep our food safe. Fast food restaurants have been pro-active in the reduction of fat, carbohydrates, and trans-fats from their menus. The second component, exercise, has been addressed to a lesser extent and may be easier to promote given our situation. It is from this angle that we have offered the Anti-Freshman 15 Sports Club, an exercise program that is casual, informal, and fun. To promote our Anti-Freshman 15 Sports Club we have developed a flier to be placed strategically around the campus to gain attention to our program and generate interest among the student body. It is designed to be placed on bulletin boards or places where students may congregate. The one page design has been implemented to be used as an inexpensive take-away item to be passed around or used for future reference. The color scheme is meant to attract attention, while the softness of the hue is non-threatening and easy to read. In keeping with the color scheme, the design is gender nuetral and the club is not limited to male or female. This will attract as many students as possible and advocate the program to a wide range of student demographics. While the sports club is called the Anti-Freshman 15 Sports Club, it is for all students or interested campus personnel. The audience may be a freshman who is concerned about

Hassan’s Story Essay Example for Free

Hassan’s Story Essay A. The two major types of surface markings that bone do have are the depression and openings. These include fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus, meatus, process, condyle, facet head, crest, epicondyle, line, spineous process, trochanter, tubercle, and the tuberosity. B. Liu and Hassan were surprised to find metopic suture on an adult skull because right after birth the left side and right side of the birth bone are united by the metopic suture. They also were surprised, because this suture should have disappeared between the ages of six to eight years of age. Finally because they are only founded in 5 to 10% of people. C. The skeletal structures that are found inside the nasal cavity that might be missing from a excavated skull would be the perpendicular plate, middle and inferior nasal concha and the vomer. D. Hassan and his team would be able to tell the ages of the skeletal remains of the woman and the baby by the four main sutures such as coronal suture, sagittal suture, lambdoid suture, and the squamous sutures. E. The features that the larger skeletal in the sarcophagus would show to indicate it was a female is the vertebral column of a female is about 61cm (24in.) and a male vertebral column of a male is about 71cm (28in.). F. The bone of the neck region that could be affected or damage by strangulation or neck trauma other than the cervical vertebrae is the hyoid bone. G. If the bones of a person found at the excavation site were mixed and out of order the anthropologists would be able to determine which was cervical, lumbar, or thoracic, because the cervical vertebrae include interlocking vertebrae bodies with saddle shaped superior and inferior surfaces alongside the canal is triangular and of a similar size to the vertebral body, and the spinous process are shorter then in thoracic and not as massive as the lumbar vertebrae process. The thoracic vertebrae increases in body size and articulates with a pair of ribs in the human skeleton. The upper thoracic bodies are roughly triangular in a superior outline whilst the lower thoracic vertebral bodies are more circular. The vertebrae canal are smaller relative to the vertebral body, and importantly, more circular then in cervical vertebrae. Finally the lumbar vertebrae increase in size from superior to inferior. They are the largest of all the infused vertebrae, and should be easily identifiable by their size and features. H. Bones with their hard structures would be subject to and show signs of the disease that destroyed this community because I. The structure that passes through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae that would cause death if damaged as in the child’s skeleton is.

Rehabilitation Of People With Disabilities Health And Social Care Essay

Rehabilitation Of People With Disabilities Health And Social Care Essay World Health Organization has defined disability as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Actually disabilities come from the limitations and restrictions of the environment. It is a gap between a persons capabilities and the demands of the environment. Therefore, the severity of ones disability largely depends on the quality of the surrounding environment that one lives. For example, a person with hearing impairment would not be that disabled any more if he got an audiphones. The recovery and rehabilitation of disabilities not only need capability improvement of disabled individuals, but also calls for the efforts of the environment. Definition of Health and Health to the Disabled In 1948, the WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In 1986, the WHO redefines health as a resource or everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. For people with disabilities, the former definition of health seemed unreachable because they cannot achieve such a complete physical, mental and social well-being state and disease or infirmity is unavoidable in their lives. So, can disabled people live healthily? The second definition gave us a positive answer. We can build well being for people with disabilities by building resources. Quality of life includes both objective and subjective dimensions, subjective one is proved to be more forceful in enabling disabilities. As a social worker, when we work on rehabilitation of this special social group, we should not use our standard of Health to demand them, which is unfair and infeasible. Rehabilitation of Psychological Rehabilitation Rehabilitation In dictionaries, rehabilitation is described as the restoration to a disabled individual of maximum independence commensurate with his limitations by developing his residual capacity. When talking about rehabilitation, people always focus on many practical aspects such as medical, education, vocation, housing, transportation, etc and many efforts have been made on these aspects. However, the psychological part remains to be a problem which affects lives of disabled people and their families all the time. Objectives of Rehabilitation and Psychological Rehabilitation The vision of World Health Organization Six-year Plan on Disability and Rehabilitation ¼Ã‹â€ 2006-2011 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °is All persons with disabilities live in dignity, with equal rights and opportunities. Similarly, purpose of UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is To promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity. The Social Welfare Department of Hong Kong SAR Government described the objective of Rehabilitation Services as to acknowledge the equal rights of people with disabilities to be full members of the community by assisting them in developing their physical, mental and social capabilities to the fullest possible extent and by promoting their integration into the community. Under achieve these goals, the objectives of psychological rehabilitation is to help the disabled people reconcile with their trauma and loss, rebuild confidence, reenter the community, and live with positive attitudes and dignity. Needs and Characteristics of Disabled People Need of Compensation Just like an ordinary person, most needs of disabled people are quite common such as family, education, occupation, marriage, friendship and so on. Besides, there is a distinct need existing in people with disabilities-the compensation need, both physiologically and psychologically. Dr. Alfred Adler studied The psychic compensation of inferior organs and pointed out that when there is a disease or defect in a particular organ of the body, the functions of some other organs will be enhanced to compensate for the lacking functionality. Accordingly, when a person realizes his physical disability, he needs such compensation otherwise to make him a normal individual. This compensation psychology can be either positive or negative. Psychosocial Adjustment Trajectory There are four stages in the process of psychosocial adjustment. During each stage relapse could happen from time to time because of environmental or individual factors. Gradually increasing in complexity of behavior. The process of identity reconstruction and self reorganization unfolds. Stable periodic attractors in pre-disability life gradually shift to periodic or strange attractors. Chaotic, unpredictable life experiences emerge, which follow highly irregular patterns. Chaotic and complex conditions gradually give way to self reorganization under circumstances of a series of new life experiences. More intricately adaptive cognitive and behavioral patterns begin to form. New and adaptive patterns of self-organization and behavior gradually emerge, resulting in restoration of psychic balance and increased acceptance to life reconstruction. Different Psychosocial Adaption and its Negative Characteristics Livneh and Antonak stated that people with congenital and acquired disabilities differed psychologically in a significant way. The psychosocial adaptation of people with congenital disabilities involves a)growing up with an impaired body, b)building body image, ego, and self-identity and c)parental and social issues of dealing permanently with a disability. On the other hand, despite all the issues mentioned above, acquired disabilities are, a)finding their sense of self suddenly and dramatically challenged or altered, b)facing significant changes in social and familial relationships and life roles, while, c)dealing concurrently with psychological distress, physical pain, prolonged medical treatment, d)gradually increasing interference in or restriction of the performance of daily activities. In those processes mentioned above, possible negative psychosocial characteristics are produced and most common ones among them are low self-esteem, low self-efficacy/confidence, depression, anxiety, introversion, neuroticism, and chronic pain. Some Techniques for Psychological Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities There are many intervention techniques for social, medical and vocational rehabilitation for the disabled such as family therapy, community-based counseling and so on. People with disabilities are often in want of assessing their past, being aware of and involved in the present, and seeking new ways to actualize their desire and wishes, so group and individual therapies are needed to promote self awareness, confidence, expression, communication and understanding of ones life. Expressive Art Therapy Expressive art therapy uses a variety of verbal and nonverbal techniques for therapeutic intervention and self growth. Through art process, individuals can gradually get aware of his conscious and unconscious thoughts, conflicts, feelings and passions. People can heal through use of imagination and the various forms of creative expression like painting, dancing, singing and so on. Expressive art therapy is extremely suitable for disability rehabilitation because it is flexible in time, place, and population. Some disabled people are unable to speak, some cannot express their feelings. This therapy gives them a chance to share, discover and develop their understanding of their lives. In addition, living with disability required creativity. Learning to work with limitations was inherent in the creative process as well as learning to live with disability. They can realize their full potential by creating art works, which also enhance self esteem and self efficacy. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral theory suggests that thoughts and emotions are best understood in the context of behaviors associated with cognition or cognitive processes as well as the extent to which individuals adaption and respond to different stimuli and make self-judgements. Cognition, behavior and emotion are interrelated to each other and cognition plays a vital role in emotional outcomes. To assist disabled clients to gain self awareness and self acceptance and to replace their beliefs and behaviors, we can help them identify their dysfunctional beliefs and thought patterns. For instance, people with disabilities often thought themselves as useless, isolated and troublesome. If we replace those dysfunctional cognitions with functional self-statements and reconstruct some positive cognitions, emotions and behaviors will be greatly improved. Body-Mind-Sprit Technique Body-mind-spirit technique is an indigenous psychological rehabilitation technique which brings together Western body-mind technique and insights from Eastern schools of thoughts (Especially Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism and Traditional Chinese Medicine). Body stands for physical fitness; Mind means emotion management; Spirit refers to spiritual exercise. It emphasizes interconnections and interactions between body, mind and spirit, not only stressing cultivation of strength and resilient character, but also paying attention to life education and spirituality. Eastern elements like meditation, mindfulness, yoga and massage, plus good living habits such has close to nature, proper sports, healthy diet, disabled clients are expected a)to discover the potential ability and quality inside oneself and to cultivate self-confidence; b) to review and reconstruct important relations; c)to seek more opportunities and alternatives; d) to accept and sublimate impairment and trauma; e) to clarif y correct life meaning and to build a positive life attitude, and f)to learn to admire and care about themselves. Limitations reduplicative reduplicativeReduplicative work After a disabled person talking with a therapist or a social worker, he may feel much better. But when he gets out of the room, when he encounters any restrictions in environment the next second, the progress they made just now crumbles to dust. That means the psychological rehabilitation may take a long time and involve a great amount of repeated work. So we should prepare ourselves for long-term strategies and frustrations. Lack of professionals Since the number of people with disabilities is huge and keeps growing every year in Hong Kong, professionals for psychological rehabilitation of disabilities are in great need. Although medical, vocational, housing and transportation cares are being given by the government, organizations, communities, corporations and schools, we are expecting more policies, institutions and professionals, to enable these disabled.

Career Education in Many Forms :: Emplyoment School Essays

Career Education in Many Forms Official federal support for career education began in 1974; although funding intensity has varied over the subsequent 20 plus years, career education continues to receive emphasis in the nation's schools. The most recent programs included under the umbrella of "career education" are titled "school-to-work" and "tech prep," programs that are receiving generous federal appropriations for 1996-97 (Hoyt 1996). School-to-work programs, which include tech prep programs, are characterized by their focus on bridging the gap between school and work. They draw upon education and business collaboration, and partnerships between education and other parts of society. They are designed to provide "school-based learning, work-based learning, and activities to connect the two" (Wickwire 1995, p. 7); in this way, they engage the community in the career education and development of youth. The coordinated support network promoted in school-to-work programs is "linked to school and relies on parents, mentors, employers, youth advocates, and social service agencies to assist youth" (Rochester City School District 1994, p. 1). Involvement of Community Businesses Whether through school-to-work or tech prep programs, businesses are increasingly approached for active involvement in the educational community. As they recognize the growing need for technically, academically, and socially prepared workers, businesses are becoming more and more enthusiastic in their desire to collaborate with schools to provide up-to-date education and training for the students who will be their future workers. Tech prep programs capitalize on the employers' need for qualified workers by drawing employers into the identification of skills necessary for employment in their industries--thus establishing benchmarks for education and skill achievement. Most partnerships between schools and businesses focus on the delivery and development of academic and vocational skills (which include skills for employability). Such collaborative efforts can help students develop relevant skills for the workplace through revised up-to-date curriculum, youth apprenticeships, and mentor ing experiences. Youth apprenticeships afford another avenue by which community businesses become involved in the career education and development of youth. Apprenticeships require a partnership between "educators--secondary and postsecondary--and business people who are willing to provide jobs and worksite learning experiences for young people" (Joyce and Byrne 1995, p. 44). They have the advantage of taking students out of the classroom and exposing them to the rapidly changing work environment, complete with new technologies and new management processes. Involvement of Community Agencies Community agencies, such as the Chamber of Commerce, are also valuable resources for student career development as they afford linkage to community leaders and community-based experiences.

Effects of Romantic Relationships on Academic Performance and Family Relationship

Most teenagers have already experienced heving relationships. At this stage, they are easily attracted with their opposite sex. Let's first consider the emotion of love. Love makes people romance enjoy longer. It is believe that love is a very powerful emotion which makes it capable of bringing out the best and the worst in people. Emotion makes the person aberrantly happy or on the other hand lonely. But what makes this kind of emotion occur? Does this emotion makes the world go round? aving a full confident of every individual? makes them stronger? or Does it effect upon your surroundings like your academic activities and also the relationship of your own family? What is really love means? Based some Psychologists, they are hardly searching for a clear definition of what love really is. For them, it is described as a cognitive and social phenomenon, one that is closely linked with conscious affection or close. There are different definitions of love depending on what the person exp erienced. But one thing is for sure: falling in love can be the one of the most unexplainable feelings that a person can feel. Negative effects.. Studies * being in love with somebody has an effect in teenagers’ studies. It does occupy their minds. Students can't focus on the lecture because they keep on thinking about their boyfriend or girlfriend especially when they have a lover's quarrel. * Students being involved in a relationship spend most of their time texting and writing their partner's name during class time * It is hard for them to concentrate. Positive effects .. studies .. * Being inlove can have a positive effect in studies. It can serve as an inspiration to get a high grades because they are trying to make a good impression. * It can motivate student to do assignments and projects. * It can make a teenager to feel more bouncy, lively and more energetic. Parents †¦ * Parents have views in teenagers falling in love. They don’t want them to get involve to relationships. They are still immature and not capable of facing consequences that may happen. They are not aware to the possible difficulties which could lie ahead. * Parents need to be their for their teens at any time. At this stage, teenagers are being to curious about things and may become more distant to their family. They should have an epitome of understanding. They should maintain close relationship so that their teens will not be afraid of talking about some things that may have a great impact on them.

Apush chapter Essay

To weak Could not levy taxes, had economic problems causing social unrest Not strong enough to hold states together Regulations state to state hard to deal No uniform tax, different taxes in each state Rebellions with direct challenge towards congress for more national government or even a dictatorship, unable to deal with national problems 2. American Manufactures- replace state tariffs with uniformly high national duty Merchants and shippers- single national policy not state-to-state policies Land Speculators- wanted treat of Indians removed from their western tracts People who owed money-states to stop issuing money, which lowered the value of what they received in payment Investors-in Confederation securities wanted the government to fund the debt and thus enhance the value of their securities Large property owners- looked for ways to protect against mobs (shays rebellion) 3. Character of the men at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention Founding fathers (all states except Rhode Island) 55, Young men, around 44 only Franklin was advanced age Represented propertied interest of the country Feared follies of democracy but suspicious of concentrated power Washington was elected head, and Madison was most essential. Provided the plan of Virginia that was used in establishing new constitution. The Foundation of the debate was made off of Randolph’s (Virginia) excepted Idea of supreme legislation, Executive and Judicial branches Franklin was also important, remained calm, telling the delegates if they failed they would despair of est. govt. by human wisdom, and leave it to chance of warned conquest. His influenced allow delegates to refuse to give up and they came up with he Great Compromise 4. Madison with the Virginia Plan that called for new national legislation with 2 houses. In the lower house states represented by population. members of upper house elected by lower house. Was changed to upper house to be elected by state government, each state then was given at least one member in upper house. Paterson New Jersey Plan for a federal govt. with one legislation, each state equal representation and gave congress-expanded powers of tax and to regulate commerce (tabled by Congress) smaller states needed in ratification. It gave the upper house to be elected by state egislation giving least one member from each state in the upper house b. The convention was divided by Would states really be represented equally in upper house or would the larger states have more members Great compromise-states represented in the lower house on the basis of population the upper house, states would be represented equally with 2 members apiece Slavery being counted in taxation or population counts for the representation. South Carolina wanted slaves to be considered property govt. evied taxes but people in the head count for representation. Those in the north wanted the opposite of this. Great compromise- each slave counted as three-fifths of a free person in determining taxation and representation Power to regulate trade effect cotton economy, which relied on slavery and sales abroad Great compromise- not allowed to tax exports and forbidden to impose a duty more than 10 dollars a head on imported slaves and no authorit y to stop slave trade for twenty years 6. Efforts to preserve ideals of the revolution by eliminating disorder and content Effort to crest a strong national govt. to exercise authority Under impact of business depression The weakness and ineptitude of national government The treats to American territories from Great Britain and Spain The inability of either congress or state govt. o make good their debts The interstate Jealousies and barriers to trade Widespread use of inflation producing paper money Lawlessness that was Shays rebellion The timely adoption of the Constitution could save the young republic Effect to protect the economic interest of existing elites Conservative business interest who feared that the decentralized political structure of republic imperiled their financial position Economic reasons Wanted government able to promote industry and trade, protect private property and ake good on the public debt Constitution was an economic document drawn from superb kill by men whose property interest were at stake Ar ticles could have produced a permanent government Effort to protect individual freedom and to limit the power of the federal govt. Debate between the federalist and antifederalist New constitution with Bill of rights economical distress were likely to support the constitution; states that were stable and prosperous were likely to oppose it 7. Role of the branches in the Constitution Legislative- House of Representatives based on population rep. nd Senate based qual rep. each elected for different terms, and different ways to check power Judicial- protection from both executive and legislative, Judges and Justices appointed by the president and then confirmed by the senate would serve for life Executive- president power to veto acts of congress The federal government would divide power between state and nation (power in part from the people) to protect from the tranny of the people or the mob, and of excess of democracy (shays rebellion) Only House of rep. elected directly by the peo ple Senate, president and federal Judges would be isolated from public . Who and what is the Federalist? Called federalist because the term once used by opponents of centralization Implying they were less committed to a nationalist government than in fact were Hamilton, Madison, Franklin, Washington, Jay important federalist Wrote federalist papers They were actually wanted stronger central government to check power of masses 9. To get their views seen, Madison, Hamilton, and Jay published federalist papers in the newspaper explaining the virtues and meaning of the constitution Concerned with public masses, waned govt. to function at some distance from public passion nd strong enough to act against threats to order and stability 10. Antifederalist concerns Recognized need for govt. but concerned in state or concentrated power than dangers of popular will Opposed constitution because it placed obstacles between people and the exercise of power Name implied they had nothing to offer but opposition and chaos Believed constitution would betray those principles est. trong, possible tyrannica l govt, that could increase taxes, obliterate states, wield dictoral powers, favor the wellborn over common people and put an end to individual liberty Biggest concern was lack of Bill of rights 1 1 . The process of ratification for the Constitution Ratified by 9 of 13 states would become law Delaware, New Jersey, New Hampshire and Georgia ratified fast (support) Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts more of a struggle Virginia and New York antifederalist feared the states commercial interest would suffer and would not ratify unless had the Bill of Rights (and did finally ratify) North Carolina waited to see what would happen to the amendments Rhode Island did not even participate (no support) 12. Congress continued work of the Constitutional Convention by.. Was in charge of amendment to protect state powers, rest were to provide basic rights Congress to determine the number of Supreme Court Judges to be appointed and the kinds of lower courts to be organized Made Judiciary Act of 1789- provided Supreme Court six members, Chief Justice and five associate Justices; 13 districts with one Judge apiece, and three circuit courts of appeal, with one district Judge Lastly congress gave finial decision in case involving constitutionality of state laws to supreme court Created 3 departments or cabinets- state, treasury, and war 13. Washington selections for cabinets Secretary of treasury- Hamilton Secretary of war- general Knox Attorney general- Randolph Secretary of State- Jefferson 14. 1750 differences in philosophy heats the debate about constitution -Caused by not solving problem but vague compromises Federalist Nation-state with strong govt. ith a centralized authority Complex commercial economy Proud standing in world affairs Hamilton Repub licans Modest government Not highly commercialized or urban, but predominately rural and agrarian Most power for people and state Madison and Jefferson 15. View of society and politics by Hamilton and who should govern Government was he central most power, with centralized authority, a complex commercial economy, and standing in world affairs Needed the support of the wealthy and powerful Stable, effective govt. required enlightened ruling class 16. Hamilton’s plan for paying the debt and restoring credit or federalist program To exchange certificates that congress issued for uniform, interest- bearing bonds, payable at definite dates To assume over state debts, so states would look to central govt. or eventual payment Did not want to pay off the debt but to create a large debt Old bonds being paid off, new ones issued created creditors-the wealthy class more ikely to lend money to the government and have permanent stake Sale of western lands main revenue Create national bank -provide loans and currency to business, give safe place to deposit federal funds, help collect taxes and disburse govt. expenditures, keep price of govt. bonds high through Judicial bonds, govt would have monopoly and appoint 1/5 of the directors Exercise paid by distillers for alcoholic liquors, falling heavily on the backcountry (Penn, VI, NC) where they converted corn/rye crop to whiskey Other Wrote â€Å"report on manufactures for stimulating growth of industry for a healthy oundation in manufacturing This appealed to wealthy, merchants or any powerful group 17. How the federalist programs were enacted and agreed upon National bank, exercise tax on whiskey, tax on imports, federal govt. ill assume the national debt To pay bondholders themselves, not the original lenders who had sold their bonds on their own accord Changed location of nations capital to appease VI, who did not want to pay for states with larger debts; location is on Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland A rgue that national bank was compatible with the intent of the onstitution, even though it did not explicitly authorized it; senate, house, and Washington agreed to the bill with a charter for 20 years Won passage of new tariff that raised rates Opposition and success Farmers opposed tariffs (were the vast majority) Madison, Randolph, and Jefferson against bank (republicans) Was a successes in that it won the support of influential segment of the population It restored public credit, bonds were selling abroad at or above values of other nations Speculators reaped large profit Manufactures profited from the tariff, and merchants benefited from new banking system 8. Rising in opposition No policy in constitution about political parties (Washington warns against politics but some what supports federalist) Federalist now had an interested and overbearing majority (tyrannical) Enacted program that many leaders opposed Est. national network of influence that embodied the worst features of a party Used control of appointment and awarding govt. franchise To reward supporters and gain allies Local associations full of aristocrats standing in local communities Resembled corrupt British Needed vigorous opposition to balance the power (republican party) Republican Party had partisan influence, every state formed committees, societies, and caucuses Republic of smaller govt. Repub. orrespond across state lines and influencing state and local elections Both parties claimed to serve the greater good Neither would concede the right of the other exist The first party system 19. Jefferson and Madison Agrarian republic Sturdy, independent farmer citizens Limited commercial activity, farmers would market in both national and international market for their goods Limited industry, with manufacturing capacities advanced industrial economy because of the number of property less workers Decentralized system Hamilton believed in a central govt. with large roles in commerce and foreign affairs of other countries. He believed in Enlightened class (wealthy), with a centralized authority and highly industrious 20. French Revolution creates differences (mod rule) Federalist horrified by the event in which the monarchy was executed Republicans applauded the democracy and anti-aristocratic spirit (even imitated French radicals) Federalist numerous in commercial centers of northeast and southern coast Republicans numerous in rural areas of South and West 21 . Washington underscored the difference between the Constitution and Articles of Confederation by exerting authority and using militia of 3 other states, to defeat the revolt against the whiskey excise tax. Instead of leaving the issue to Pennsylvania to deal with as they had done under the Articles of Confederation to give Massachusetts the power of dealing with Shays Rebellion. 22. By showing the government’s new power in interfering in others affairs by destroying the whiskey rebellion it provoked the frontier people to be loyal by intimidation. By accepting their territories as new states in the Union it won their loyalties. After Bill of Rights was added, North Carolina (1789), Rhode Island (1790), New states were Vermont after NY and NH gave their claims up to it (1791), Kentucky when VI gave up claims (1792), and Tennessee (1796) after NC gave up rights to it Constitution did little to resolve Indian issues Article 1 excludes â€Å"Indians not taxed† from being counted in the population totals that determine # of seats states would receive in House Gave Congress power â€Å"to regulate Commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes† Article VI bound new govt. o respect treaties negotiated by the confederation, but did not clarify legal standing of natives It recognized existence of ribes as legal entities, but not foreign nations Not citizens nor represented Constitution did not govern relations between whites and Indians over land No clear guide lines to rights of n ation in a nation, that natives had sovereignty U. S. relationship with natives characterized by treaties 23. Difficulties during French war This tested U. S. neutrality in the conflict Problem with French diplomat, Genet Instead of Genet landing in Philadelphia to Washington, he went to Charleston, he planed to use American ports to outfit French warships, encourages American ship wners to become French privateers, and commissioned Clark on military expedition against Spanish going against Washington and neutrality act Made Washington and federalist mad, tried to recall him but Genets party was out of power, so was sent to political asylum in U. S. Royal Navvy starts seizing American ships engaged in Trade with French in West Indies Hamilton feared war would end imports from England, which was most of the revenue for maintaining his financial system Did not want new Secretary of State, Randolph (pro-French) to negotiate and persuaded Washington to send John Jay to ecure compensation for recent British assaults on American shipping, to demand withdrawal of British forces from the frontier posts, and to negotiate a new commercial treaty No war, the Jay treaty-developed undisputed American sovereignty over entire Northwest, and produced commercial relationship with Britain Opposed by republicans and some federalist and created public denunciations, but ratified 25. Relations with Spain Jays treaty caused Spain to fear Americans and British would Join and challenge Spain’s possessions Pinckney treaty-Spain recognizes the right of American of the Mississippi River to New Orleans to reloading on oceangoing ships, agreed to fix Florida’s boundary to 31 parallel, and for Spanish to prevent Indians in Florida from launching attacks 26. Presidents election of 1796 and Adam Hamilton had too many enemies but Adam was directly associated with none of the unpopular Federalist measures 27. Administrating a Federalist President and Republican Vice President Fierce factional rivalries, Hamilton favored Pinckney, Adams running mate Pinckney’s supporters declined to vote for Adams, and he manage to beat Jefferson by 3 votes, ut a still larger number of Adams supporters declined to vote for Pinckney, Jefferson was second in balloting and became Vice President Adams assumed presidency under inauspicious circumstances, he presided over divided party which faced a strong and resourceful Republican opposition committed to its extinction Hamilton remains most influential Federalist, and Adams never challenged him effectively Adams was talented statesmen, not talented at conciliating differences, soliciting support, or inspiring enthusiasm Assumed own virtual correctness would sustain him, even if usually wrong 28. Quasi war American relations with Great Britain and Spain improved with the Jay and Pinckney Treaty, but France alliance deteriorated and started capturing Amer ican ships over seas, sometimes imprisoning the crew Pinckney arrived in France and the governor refused to receive him as an official representative of the U. S. Many of Adams advisers favored war like Secretary of State, Thomas Pickering but Hamilton recommended conciliation and Adams agreed in an effort to stabilize relations Adams appointed a bipartisan- with Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry to negotiate with France, Paris in 1797. agents of French foreign minister Prince Talleyrand emanded a loan for France and a bribe for French officials before any negotiation the French insults and urging preparation for war to Congress When Adams turned in the report of the American commissions over to Congress after deleting the names of the 3 French agents and named them â€Å"Messrs. X, Y, and Z† it created outrage against France and strong support from the Federalist in response to the XYZ affair- creating an undeclared war Congress was persuaded to cut off trade with France, to rep udiate the treaties of 1776, and to authorize American vessels to capture French armed ships over seas 1798, Congress created a Dep. f Navvy and appropriated money for the construction of new warships (thus winning duels against the French) American became a virtual ally of the British Adams sent a new commission to Paris in 1800 and the new French govt. agreed to a treaty, that canceled the old agreement of 1778 and est. ew commerce arrangement The war ends peacefully and the U. S. frees it self from entanglements of the French alliance 29. Alien and Sedation Acts Alien Act- placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become American citizens, and strengthened the presidents hand in dealing with them Sedation act-allowed govt. to prosecute those engaged in sedition against the govt. , libelous or treasonous activities were prosecuted, and the law made it possible for the federal govt. to strife any oppression This acts were enacted to silence Republican opposition, the sedation act meant that govt. could arrest and convict Republic newspaper, whose only crime was criticizing the federalist 30. Virginia and Kentucky resolution Republican leaders hoped the reversal of Alien and Sedation Act on the state legislature because of the Acts opposition against Republicans The republicans laid ut a theory for state accusation, one by Jefferson, called the Kentucky resolution, adopted by Kentucky legislator and the other by Madison, called the Virginia resolution approved by Virginia legislature Both resolutions used idea of John Locke to argue that the federal govt. had been formed by a compact among the states and possessed only certain delegate powers, whenever it exercised any undelegate powers like the acts they were unauthorized and the state had right to nullify the appropriate law This revealed resentment toward policies that the Government assed, exercising more power than ever before and using power to benefit one party Even if the Republicans did not get support for nullification, they succeeded in elevating their dispute to national level (nation became divided politicall y resulting many arguments) 31 . Issue of 1800 election Issue of nation very divided politically resulting in one of the most ugliest elections in American history with Mudslinging Jefferson accused of too radical, having wild followers would bring terror comparable to the French Revolution and his romantic involvement with a slave women Adams was portrayed as a tyrant conspiring to ecome king, and that the federalist were plotting to subvert human liberty and society, republicans carried the city by vast majority and Jefferson was elected but the constitution called for each elector to â€Å"vote by ballot for two persons† and they had an elector cast one vote for his party’s presidential candidate and another for the Vice President. To avoid a tie between Jefferson and Burr, the Republicans had intended for one elector to refrain from voting for Burr but both candidates tied any ways with 73. The House of Representatives had to choose; each state delegate would cast a single vote. The new Congress had an republican majority but would not hold office till after the president was inaugurated, so it was up to the Federalist. Hamilton concluded that Burr was too unreliable and Jefferson was elected 32. Adams reaction in losing the presidency He took steps to make the party’s hold on the courts secure By the Judiciary Act of 1801 , Federalist reduced the number of Supreme Court justiceships by one and increased the number of federal Judgeships as a whole Adams appointed Federalist to the newly created position and in â€Å"midnight appointments† stayed up till midnight signing the new Judges commission